Of more immediate usefulness than the constitutional amendments, were laws passed by Congress to allow the federal government, through the new Justice Department and through the federal courts to enforce the new civil rights Even if the state governments ignored the problem. Three " Reconstruction Amendments" were passed to expand civil rights for black Americans: the Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed equal rights for all and citizenship for blacks the Fifteenth Amendment prevented race from being used to disfranchise men. The severe threats of starvation and displacement of the unemployed, unhoused freedmen were met by the first major federal relief agency, the Freedmen's Bureau, operated by the Army. Main article: Reconstruction era Politics of Reconstruction Īs the Civil War was ending, The major issues faced by President Abraham Lincoln were the status of the ex-slaves (called "Freedmen"), the loyalty and civil rights of ex-rebels, the status of the 11 ex-Confederate states, the powers of the federal government needed to prevent a future civil war, and the question of whether Congress or the President would make the major decisions. In the 21st century scholars have studied the African American founding fathers in depth. The recovery was achieved in the Civil Rights Movement, especially in the 1950s and 1960s, under the leadership of blacks like Martin Luther King and James Bevel and whites like the Supreme Court and President Lyndon Johnson. However, after Reconstruction ended in 1877, the gains were partly lost and an era of Jim Crow gave blacks reduced social, economic and political status. Their goals were temporarily realized in the late 1860s, with the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the United States Constitution. Beginning in the abolition movement of the 19th century, they worked for the abolition of slavery, and also for the abolition of second class status for free blacks. The African American founding fathers of the United States are the African Americans who worked to include the equality of all races as a fundamental principle of the United States. Watercolor painting of James Forten (1766–1842) of Philadelphia, a sailmaker by profession and one of the African American founding fathers of the United States
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